Te Tukanga Tae me te Whakaoti (1)

Ko te kōwhiringa o te tukanga tae me te whakaotinga e ahu mai ana i te momo, ngā whakaritenga me ngā whakaritenga hua kua oti o te papanga, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā maimoatanga-mua,taeg, tānga, whakaotinga muri, me ērā atu mea.

Maimoatanga-mua

Kei roto i ngā muka tūturu ngā poke, ā, i roto i te tukanga tukatuka kakahu, ka tāpirihia te paru, te hinu me te paru poke, ko te noho o ēnei poke ehara i te mea ka whakararu noa i te maeneene o te tae me te tukatuka whakaoti, engari ka pā hoki ki te mahi kakahu o te kakahu.

Ko te kaupapa o te maimoatanga-mua ko te whakamahi i te mahi matū me te mahi ā-tinana hei tango i ngā poke o te papanga, kia mā ai te papanga, kia ngawari ai, kia pai ai te uruhanga kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga, me te whakarato i ngā hua-haurua whai tohu mō te tae, te tā me te whakaoti.

Mirote whakarite kakahu mata, te tahu, te tango i te rahi, te kohua, te whakama, te whakamā. Polyester: te whakarite kakahu, te whakamahine (waikawa wai, me ētahi atu), te whakaiti i te matotoru, te pupuri, te tango taumaha i te kawakawa (waikawa wai, me ētahi atu).

Te ngaunga

I te nuinga o te wā, i muri i te urunga ki te wheketere tā me te tae mai i te mira kakahu, me tirotiro tuatahi te kakahu hina, me tahuri, me puranga, me tā me te tuitui, kātahi ka tahuna.

Ngā Take:

(1) kia kaua e wera rawa te kakahu, kia rerekē te roa;

(2) he ngoikore te taumata o te whakaotinga, he ngāwari te poke;

(3) i roto i te raupapa tae me te whakaoti huruhuru hipi zhongyi, ngā hapa tā me te tae.

Whāinga tahu:

(1) whakapai ake i te kanapa o te kakahu; Whakapai ake i te mutunga;

(2) whakapai ake i te ātete ki te paparanga (ina koa ko te papanga muka matū);

(3) whakapai ake i te momo kāhua, mā te wera ka pakari te papanga, ka pakarukaru.

Te whakaiti i te rahi

I roto i te tukanga raranga, ka nui ake te taumahatanga me te waku o te miro whenu, ā, he ngāwari ki te whati. Hei whakaiti i te whati o te miro whenu, hei whakapai ake i te pai o te raranga me te kounga o te papanga hina, me whakarite te rahi o te miro whenu i mua i te raranga. Ka piri te muka o te miro, ka hanga he kiriata paru totoka ki runga i te mata o te miro, ka piri, ka maeneene te miro, ā, ka pai ake te kaha whati me te ātete ki te kakahu o te miro.

Te kaupapa o te tango i te rahi: I muri i te tango i te rahi, ka uru te paru ki roto i ngā muka, ā, ka piri tetahi wāhanga ki te mata o te miro. I a ia e whakapai ake ana i te mahi a te miro, ka whakapokea e te paru te wai tae me te wai tukatuka whakaoti, ka aukati i te taunekeneke matū i waenga i ngā muka me te tae me ngā rauemi matū, ā, ka uaua te mahi tae me te tukatuka whakaoti.

(1) He kupu whakataki ki te paru e whakamahia whānuitia ana

Parai māori: māngaro, kāpia rimu, kāpia, me ētahi atu.

Ngā āhuatanga o te māngaro:

① i roto i te take o te pirau waikawa;

② i roto i te take o te pumau alkali, pupuhi;

③ i roto i te take o ngā waikura ka taea te pirau;

④ mā te whākōkī pirau māngaro e pirau ai.

Para matū: ngā hua cellulose pēnei i te hydroxymethylcellulose (CMC), te waipiro polyvinyl (PVA), te waikawa polyacrylic, te polyester, me ētahi atu.

Ngā āhuatanga o te PVA:

① pumau ki te waikawa me te turanga, kāore e whakaitihia te matotoru;

② Ka whakapōreareatia e te waikura.

③ Whānui te whakamahinga, he pai te hototahi, kāore he tauhohenga whakaranu

(2) Ngā tikanga whakaiti i te rahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana

1. Te whakaiti i te kawakore

Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare hanga tae o te kāinga, engari kāore i te teitei te tere whakamaroke, ā, ka taea te tango atu i ētahi atu poke i te wā e whakamaroke ana.

Tikanga: Mā te whakamahi i te otinga wairewa konutai hauwai, ka kore e puta he tauhohenga matū i raro i te mahi a te āhua pupuhi (pupuhi rānei) kawakore, kia kore ai e puta he tauhohenga matū, kia whakaitihia ai te kaha here i waenga i te muka me te paru mai i te tiēre ki te oneone, kātahi ka whakamahia te horoi me te kaha miihini hei tango. Mō ngā paru PVA me te polyacrylate, ka taea e ia te whakarewa i te konutai hauwai i roto i ngā otinga wairewa.

(māngaro) whākōkī whakawhāiti

Ka kiia hoki ngā whākōkī he whākōkī, he kaiwhakakōkī koiora.

Ngā Āhuatanga: he tere te memeha, ehara i te muka whara, mō te māngaro anake, kāore e taea te tango i ngā poke.

Ngā Āhuatanga: a. Te tino whai hua. b. Te motuhaketanga: Ka taea e te whākōkī te whakakorikori i te kotahi tauhohenga, i tētahi tauhohenga motuhake rānei. c. Ka pāngia te mahi e te pāmahana me te uara PH.

Mō ngā paraoa māngaro, ngā paraoa whakauru māngaro rānei (he nui te ihirangi māngaro), ka taea te whakamahi i te amylase hei tango i te rahi.

Te whakaiti waikawa

Kāore i te nui te whakamahinga o te kāinga, nā te mea he ngāwari te whakamahi ki te pakaru i te muka, he pai ake te whakamahi me ētahi atu tikanga. E rua ngā taahiraa e whakamahia ana: te tango i te waikawa me te tango i te waikawa. Mā te tango i te waikawa ka taea te hanga i te māngaro kia mimiti, te tango i te tote kohuke me ētahi atu, ā, ka pai ake te utu.

Te whakaiti i te waikura

Ākena whakapūngao: NaBrO2 (konutai bromite) H2O2, Na2S2O8, (NH4) 2S2O8, me ētahi atu.

Mātāpono: Ka taea e te matū whakahāweawe te whakahāweawe me te whakakino i ngā momo para katoa, ka tino whakaitihia tōna taumaha ngota me te matotoru, ka piki ake te wairewatanga wai, ā, ka āraihia te piri o te para ki te muka, kātahi ka tangohia te waikura mā te horoi whai hua.

(1) Te kohua

Ko te kaupapa o te kohua he tango i ngā poke o te muka, he whakapai ake hoki i ngā āhuatanga tukatuka o te papanga, inā koa te ngāwari ki te whakamakuku.

Ngā poke taiao: Mō ngā papanga miro parakore, ko te nuinga he muka tahi, he rauropi rānei e pā ana, tae atu ki te ware pi hinu, te pectin, te pūmua, te pungarehu, te tae me ngā anga miro.

Ngā poke horihori: ngā poke pēnei i te hinu, te kaihopu ārai-pūmau me te hinu, te waikura me te paru toenga i tāpirihia i te tukatuka miro me te raranga.

He tino pānga kino ēnei poke ki te mākū o te papanga, ā, he whakararuraru hoki i te tae me te whakaotinga o te papanga, nō reira me tango atu i roto i te pūnaha horoi mā te whakamahi i te hauwai konutai hei mea matua, me ngā matū horoi hei mea āwhina.

(2) Te whakama

I muri i te kohua, ko te nuinga o ngā poke taiao me ngā poke hangai i runga i tepapangaka tangohia, engari mō ngā papanga kua mā me ngā papanga mārama, me whakamā anō hoki. Arā, hei tango i te tae, hei whakapai ake i te mā, koinei te kaupapa matua o te tukatuka whakamā.

Kāore he tae o te muka matū, ā, kua tino mā te muka miro i muri i te kohua, ā, kei te mau tonu te tae o te muka miro i muri i te horoinga, kāore i te tino mā, nō reira ko te whakama te nuinga o te wā mō ngā poke tūturu o te muka miro.

(3) Whakamā

Momo waikura: konutai hauwaihauora, hauwai waikuraora me te konutai hauwaihauora, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana i roto i te muka miro me ngā papanga whakaranu.

Kua whakaitihia: NaHSO3 me te paura inihua, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana mō ngā papanga muka pūmua.

(4) Te whakamakuku i te konutai haukōroiti:

Ko te whakamakuku konutai haikoroiti te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te whakamakuku i ngā papanga miro me ngā papanga miro whakaranu, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakamahia hoki mō te whakamakuku i ngā papanga miro polyester whakaranu. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakamahi mō te whakamakuku i ngā muka pūmua pērā i te hiraka me te huruhuru hipi, nā te mea he pānga kino tō te konutai haikoroiti ki ngā muka pūmua, ā, ka kōwhai, ka pakaru ngā muka. I roto i te tukanga whakamakuku, hei tāpiri atu ki te whakangaromanga o ngā tae taiao, ka pakaru pea te muka miro tonu, nō reira, me whakahaere te āhua o te tukanga whakamakuku, kia tika ai te kounga o te āhua me te kounga o roto.

He ngāwari te hanga i te konutai haukōroiti, he iti te utu, he watea te mahi whakamakuku konutai haukōroiti, he māmā ngā taputapu, engari nā te mea he kino te whakamakuku konutai haukōroiti mō te tiaki taiao, ka āta whakakapia e te hauwai waikura.

(5) Te whakamakuku hauwai waikura H2O2:

Ko te hauwai waikura, e mōhiotia ana ko te hauwai waikura, ko te tātai ngota H2O2. Ko te whakama o te hauwai waikura ka kiia ko te whakama o te hāora. He tino ngoikore te pumau o te wairewa hauwai waikura i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawakore. Nō reira, he ngoikore te waikawa o te hauwai waikura arumoni.

He mā te papanga kua whakamaua ki te hauwai waikura, he parakore te tae, ā, kāore e ngāwari te kōwhai ina rongoatia. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō te whakama i ngā papanga miro. He ngāwari ake te whakarerekē i te whakama hāora i te whakama kōrote, engari he nui ake te utu o te hauwai waikura i te utu o te konutai hauhārote, ā, me whakamahi taputapu maitai kore waikura mō te whakama hāora, he nui ake te whakapaunga pūngao, he nui ake te utu i te whakama kōrote.

I tēnei wā, ko te tikanga whakamahana whānui-tuwhera te mea e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā wheketere tā me te tae. He nui te haere tonu o tēnei tikanga, he aunoatanga me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, he māmā te rere o ngā tukanga, ā, kāore e puta he parahanga taiao.

5. Mercerized (kakahu miro)

Mā te whakamahi i te houra tunutunu kukū, ka taea e ngā kakahu te whiwhi i te kanapa hiraka, e kiia ana tēnei tukanga ko te mercerization.

(1) Te kaupapa o te whakapūtanga:

A. Whakapai ake i te kanapa o te mata me te āhua o te papanga. Nā te pupuhi o te muka, ka pai ake te whakatakotoranga o te muka, ā, ka auau ake te whakaata o te mārama, ā, ka pai ake te kanapa.
B. Ka whakanui ake i te tere o te tae i muri i te whakaotinga mercerizing, ka heke te rohe muka, ka nui ake te horahanga kore-āhua, ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā tae ki te uru ki ngā muka, ka piki ake te tere tae i te muka miro mercerized mā te 20%, ā, ka pai ake te kanapa, ā, i te wa ano ka whakanui ake i te kaha o te hipoki o mua mate.
C. Hei whakapai ake i te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, kua oti te whakaoti i te pānga hoahoa mā te mercerizing, ka taea te whakakore i ngā kita o te taura, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga kounga o te tae me te tā i ngā hua haurua-me-hawhe. Ko te mea nui, i muri i te mercerizing, kua tino pai ake te pumau o te whaanuitanga o te papanga, ā, ka tino whakaiti i te tere whakaheke o te papanga.

6. Te whakamahine, te whakaiti-mua (kakahu muka matū)

Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakamahine i mua i te whakaitiiti ko te tango i te hinu, te paru me te paru e piri ana ki te papanga (muka) i te wā e rongoa ana, e kawe ana hoki i te raranga, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka taea hoki te whakarewa i ētahi oligomer i runga i te muka i roto i te whakamahine pāmahana teitei. Me whakaitiiti te kakahu hina i mua i te nui o te kawakore, ā, me tāpiri atu ngā tāpiringa pēnei i te olein me te houra tunutunu. Ko te maimoatanga o mua o te muka matū o te papanga ka mahia i roto i te mīhini tae pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei.

7. Te whakaiti i te kawakawa (te papanga muka matū)

(1) Te kaupapa me te pānga o te whakaiti kawakore

Ko te maimoatanga whakaiti kawakawa he tukanga maimoatanga papanga polyester i roto i te rai wera wera nui me te kukū. Ka waikurahia te muka polyester, ka pakaruhia e te here ester o te mekameka ngota polyester i runga i te mata o te muka i roto i te wairewa konutai hauwai, ā, ka hangaia tonutia ngā hua waikura me ngā nekehanga polymerization rerekē, ā, i te mutunga ka hangaia te konutai terephthalate wairewa me te ethylene glycol. Ko ngā taputapu whakaiti kawakawa ko te nuinga o te mīhini tae taupua, te mīhini whakaiti tonu, te mīhini whakaiti wā poto e toru ngā momo, engari ko te mīhini tae taupua; Ka taea e ngā mīhini whakaiti tonu me ngā mīhini whakaiti wā poto te hangarua i te rai toenga. Hei whakarite i te pumau o te āhua me te rahi o te kakahu hina mō ētahi hua whakaiti kawakawa, me tāpiri he tukanga kua whakaritea, kātahi ka whakaurua te tukanga tae.